The market liberalization leads railways to an economic revolution. It favours the development of new markets, instead of the monopolistic organization. The analysis of the market failures (in particular, the assessment of economies of scale) and of the different forms of competition justifies the implementation of an incentive regulation of the railway markets. Therefore, yardstick competition looks interesting: the comparison of similar firms' performances leads to reduce the informational constraints of the usual monopoly regulation. In spite of some theoretical limits, there are many implementations of comparison mechanisms, such as in the Japanese railways. The proposal of yardstick competition implementation to the French regional tra...